A literature review and best practice advice for second and third trimester risk stratification, monitoring, and management of pre‐eclampsia

Pre-eclampsia is a multisystem disorder that typically affects 2%–5% of pregnant women and is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, especially when the condition is of early onset. Globally, 76 000 women and 500 000 babies die each year from this disorder. Furthermore, women in low-resource countries are at a higher risk of developing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and pre-eclampsia compared with those in high-resource countries. This is because socioeconomic, educational, and environmental disadvantages have historically beset vulnerable communities, leading to nutritional disparities, poor-quality diet, obesity, and diabetes (before and during pregnancy), thus increasing the rates of pregnancy complications, in particular pre-eclampsia.