Grounding Transformative Learning Through Assessment: TROPOS (<i>TR</i>ansformative <i>O</i>utcomes and <i>P</i>r<i>O</i>cesses <i>S</i>cale)

This article presents the development, results, validation, and implications of the TRansformative Outcomes and PrOcesses Scale (TROPOS), a 30-item, exploratory instrument to assess transformative learning (TL) among participants in educational programs. Core findings include a reliable (α = .884) and internally valid instrument with moderate correlation between transformative processes and outcomes ( r = .593). This study reflects the importance of critical reflection’s association with TL ( r = .541) but also places potential constraints on its prominence as a central component of TL, raising subtle questions into additional moderating or mediating constructs impacting TL.