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The article provides an overview and comparative analysis of various types of batteries, including the most modern type—lithium-ion batteries. Currently, lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are widely used in electrical complexes and systems, including as a traction battery for electric vehicles. Increasing the service life of the storage devices used today is an important scientific and technical problem due to their rapid wear and tear and high cost. This article discusses the main approaches and methods for researching the LIB resource. First of all, a detailed analysis of the causes of degradation was carried out and the processes occurring in lithium-ion batteries during charging, discharging, resting and difficult operating conditions were established. Then, the main factors influencing the service life are determined: charging and discharging currents, self-discharge current, temperature, number of cycles, discharge depth, operating range of charge level, etc. when simulating a real motion process. The work considers the battery management systems (BMS) that take into account and compensate for the influence of the factors considered. In the conclusion, the positive and negative characteristics of the presented methods of scientific research of the residual life of LIB are given and recommendations are given for the choice of practical solutions to engineers and designers of batteries. The work also analyzed various operating cycles of electric transport, including heavy forced modes, extreme operating modes (when the amount of discharge and discharge of batteries is greater than the nominal value) and their effect on the degradation of lithium-ion batteries.