Methodology to Create Reproducible Validation/Reference Materials for Comparison of Filter-Based Measurements of Carbonaceous Aerosols That Measure BC, BrC, EC, OC, and TC

A simple method that reproducibly creates validation/reference materials for comparison of methods that measure the carbonaceous content of atmospheric particulate matter deposited on filter media at concentrations relevant to atmospheric levels has been developed and evaluated. Commonly used methods to determine the major carbonaceous components of particles collected on filters include optical attenuation for “Black” (BC) and “Brown” (BrC) carbon, thermal-optical analysis (TOA) for “Elemental” (EC) and “Organic” (OC) carbon, and total combustion for “Total” carbon (TC). The new method uses a commercial inkjet printer to deposit ink containing both organic and inorganic components onto filter substrates at programmable print densities (print levels, as specified by the printer–software combination). A variety of filter media were evaluated. The optical attenuation (ATN) of the deposited sample was determined at 880 nm and 370 nm. Reproducibility or precision (as standard deviation or in percent as coefficient of variation) in ATN for Teflon-coated glass-fiber, Teflon, and cellulose substrates was better than 5%. Reproducibility for other substrates was better than 15%. EC and OC measured on quartz-fiber filters (QFF) compared to ATN measured at 880 nm and 370 nm on either QFF or Teflon-coated glass-fiber yielded R2 > 0.92 and >0.97, respectively. Four independent laboratories participated in a round robin study together with the reference laboratory. The propagated standard deviation among the five groups across all print levels was <2.2 ATN at 880 nm and <2.7 ATN at 370 nm with a coefficient of variation of <2% at ~100 ATN.