Phthalic Acid and Derivatives

The article contains sections titled: 1. Phthalic Acid 2. Phthalic Anhydride 2.1. Physical Properties 2.2. Chemical Properties 2.3. Resources and Raw Materials 2.4. Production 2.4.1. Gas-Phase Oxidation 2.4.1.1. Catalyst and Reaction Mechanism 2.4.1.2. Apparatus and Important Process Steps in the Gas-Phase Oxidation of o-Xylene 2.4.2. Fluidized-Bed Oxidation 2.4.3. Liquid-Phase Oxidation of o-Xylene 2.5. Environmental Protection 2.6. Quality Specifications and Analysis 2.7. Economic Aspects 2.8. Storage and Transportation 2.9. Uses 3. Phthalimide 3.1. Properties 3.2. Production 3.2.1. Production from Phthalic Anhydride and Ammonia 3.2.2. Production from Phthalic Anhydride and Urea 3.2.3. Production from o-Xylene 3.3. Uses 4. Phthalonitrile 4.1. Properties 4.2. Production 4.2.1. Production from o-Xylene 4.2.2. Production from Phthalic Acid Derivatives 4.3. Uses 5. Phthalates 5.1. Physical and Chemical Properties 5.2. Raw Materials 5.3. Production 5.4. Environmental Protection 5.5. Quality Specifications 5.6. Storage and Transportation 5.7. Uses 5.8. Economic Aspects 6. Toxicology 6.1. Phthalic Acid 6.2. Phthalimide 6.3. Phthalic Anhydride 6.4. Phthalonitrile 6.5. Phthalate Esters 6.5.1. General Profile 6.5.2. Acute Toxicity and Irritating Potential 6.5.3. Liver Effects; Peroxisome Proliferation 6.5.4. Carcinogenicity 6.5.5. Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity 6.5.6. Species Differences and Relevance to Humans 6.5.7. Reproductive Toxicity 6.5.8. Metabolism and Toxicokinetics