Cardamonin attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by activating the <scp>HIF</scp>‐1α/<scp>VEGFA</scp> pathway

Cardamonin is a chalcone with neuroprotective activity. The aim of our study was to explore the functions and mechanism of action of cardamonin in ischemic stroke. Oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R)-induced human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model were utilized to mimic ischemic stroke. Cell viability was analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide. Permeability was investigated via fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran assay. Apoptosis was detected by TdT-Mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling staining. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) protein levels were measured using Western blotting. Brain injury was evaluated by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, neurological score and brain water content. The 37 overlapping targets of ischemic stroke and cardamonin were predicted to be associated with the HIF-1/VEGFA signaling. Cardamonin alleviated OGD/R-induced viability reduction and increase of permeability and apoptosis in HBMECs. Cardamonin increased OGD/R-induced activation of the HIF-1α/VEGFA pathway. Inhibition of the HIF-1α/VEGFA signaling using inhibitor relieved the effect of cardamonin on cell viability, permeability and apoptosis in HBMECs under OGD/R. Cardamonin mitigated brain injury and promoted activation of the HIF-1α/VEGFA signaling in MCAO-treated mice. Overall, cardamonin protected against OGD/R-induced HBMEC damage and MACO-induced brain injury through activating the HIF-1α/VEGFA pathway.