Randomized Noninferiority Trial of Expectant Management versus Early Treatment of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants

· PDA persistence in very preterm infants is associated with an increased risk of BPD/death.. · PDA treatment accelerates ductus closure, but does not improve survival or reduce severe neonatal morbidity.. · Expectant management is not associated with a higher risk of BPD/death..