Development of a Finite Element Model of the Pediatric Thoracic and Lumbar Spine, Ribcage, and Pelvis With Orthotropic Region-Specific Vertebral Growth

Finite element (FE) modeling of the spine has increasingly been applied in orthopedic precision-medicine approaches. Previously published FE models of the pediatric spine growth have made simplifications in the geometry of anatomical structures, material properties, and representation of vertebral growth. To address those limitations, a comprehensive FE model of a pediatric (10-year-old) osteo-ligamentous thoracic and lumbar spine (T1-L5 with intervertebral discs (IVDs) and ligaments), ribcage, and pelvis with age- and level-specific ligament properties and orthotropic region-specific vertebral growth was developed and validated. Range of motion (ROM) measures, namely, lateral bending, flexion-extension, and axial rotation, of the current 10 YO FE model were generally within reported ranges of scaled in vitro adult ROM data. Changes in T1-L5 spine height, as well as kyphosis (T2-T12) and lordosis (L1-L5), angles in the current FE model for two years of growth (from ages 10 to 12 years) were within ranges reported from corresponding pediatric clinical data. The use of such comprehensive pediatric FE models can provide clinically relevant insights into normative and pathological biomechanical responses of the spine, and also contribute to the development and optimization of clinical interventions for spine deformities.