Patient and public involvement to build trust in artificial intelligence: A framework, tools, and case studies

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly taking on a greater role in healthcare. However, hype and negative news reports about AI abound. Integrating patient and public involvement (PPI) in healthcare AI projects may help in adoption and acceptance of these technologies. We argue that AI algorithms should also be co-designed with patients and healthcare workers. We specifically suggest (1) including patients with lived experience of the disease, and (2) creating a research advisory group (RAG) and using these group meetings to walk patients through the process of AI model building, starting with simple (e.g., linear) models. We present a framework, case studies, best practices, and tools for applying participative data science to healthcare, enabling data scientists, clinicians, and patients to work together. The strategy of co-designing with patients can help set more realistic expectations for all stakeholders, since conventional narratives of AI revolve around dystopia or limitless optimism.