Ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete. Part IV: Durability properties, cost assessment, applications, and challenges

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a type of cement-based composite for new construction and/or restoration of existing structures to increase service life. It is an innovative composite material that can be a suitable alternative to concrete structures exposed to aggressive conditions. After decades of research and development, a wide range of commercial UHPC compositions have been produced worldwide to cover a growing number of applications and a growing demand for high-quality construction materials. UHPC has significant advantages over regular concrete, but its use is limited due to limited design codes and prohibitive cost. Therefore, a comprehensive investigation of the durability characteristics of UHPC is essential to provide fundamental information for material testing requirements and procedures and expand its practical applications. Part I reviewed the developments, principles, and raw materials of the UHPFRC. Part II reviewed the hydration and microstructure of the UHPFRC. Part III reviewed the fresh and hardened properties of the UHPFRC. This Part IV covers the durability properties, cost assessment, applications, and challenges of the UHPFRC. Part V covers the mixture design, preparation, mixing, casting, and curing of the UHPFRC. This review is expected to advance the fundamental knowledge of UHPC and promote further research and applications of UHPC.