Recent progress and perspective of multifunctional integrated zinc-ion supercapacitors

Zinc-ion supercapacitors (ZISCs) are recognized as one of the most promising types of energy storage devices with the advantages of high theoretical capacity and safety, nontoxicity, low cost, abundant resources (~300 times higher than lithium), and lightweight. So far, multifunctional integrated ZISCs have greatly broadened their application scenarios. In addition to enhancing the electrochemical performance via the design of advanced electrodes and electrolytes, the complex application scenarios and in-depth development of energy storage devices have resulted in higher requirements for ZISCs with multifunctional integrated applications. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no relevant review about summarizing advanced multifunctional ZISCs. In this review, various advanced multifunctional ZISCs, including micro, self-powered integrated, antifreezing, and stretchable ZISCs, are comprehensively presented to fully understand the advanced evolution of multifunctional ZISCs. The working principles and challenges of ZISCs are analyzed and the future development directions and expectations of advanced multifunctional ZISCs are discussed. This review provides significant guidance for the multifunctional development of ZISCs for future studies.