Intestine epithelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles alleviate inflammation induced by Clostridioides difficile TcdB through the activity of TGF-β1

For the first time, our study demonstrated that I-Evs originated from intestine epithelial cells can alleviate inflammation induced by <i>C. difficile</i> TcdB both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, I-Evs might be potentially a novel endogenous candidate for effective treatment of CDI.