Methylene blue dye: Toxicity and potential elimination technology from wastewater

One of the popular cationic dyes that is environmentally persistent, toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic is methylene blue (MB) dye. It is commonly applied as synthetic dye for dyeing fabrics in clothing and textile industries and also for dyeing papers and leathers. Sequel to the magnitude of industrial usage, a large volume of methylene blue dye containing wastewater is discharged into groundwater and surface water. At doses more than 5 mk/kg, the monoamine oxidate inhibitory characteristics of MB dye can induce fatal serotonin toxicity in human, apart from being a threat to fauna in aquatic ecosystem. Thus, it is highly imperative to eliminate MB dye from wastewaters. A number of different removal strategies have been reported in literature for treating methylene blue dye wastewater. In this state-of-the-art review, about 240 review and/or research published articles on methods for methylene blue dye wastewater decontamination or decontamination strategies were chosen for evaluation. This synthesis also discussed the various toxicities linked to MB dye. The assessment of elimination methods revealed that chemical removal methods (photochemical and non-photochemical) could generate secondary pollutants while biological methods are characterized with sensitivity of enzyme to pH. These drawbacks limit their industrial full-scale applications while adsorption technology was found to offer merits over others. The review comprehensively discussed each of these techniques while gaps and/or areas for future research are highlighted.