Search for a command to run...
No AccessPolicy Research Working Papers21 Jun 2013Estimating Wealth Effects without Expenditure Data or Tears: With an Application to Educational Enrollments in States of IndiaAuthors/Editors: Deon FilmerDeon Filmerhttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-1994SectionsAboutPDF (0.2 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:October 1998 The relationship between household wealth and educational enrollment of children can be estimated without expenditure data. A method for doing so-which uses an index based on household asset ownership indicators-is proposed and defended in this paper. In India, children from the wealthiest households are over 30 percentage points more likely to be in school than those from the poorest households, although this gap varies considerably across states. To estimate the relationship between household wealth and the probability that a child (aged 6 to 14) is enrolled in school, Filmer and Pritchett use National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data collected in Indian states in 1992 and 1993. In developing their estimate Filmer and Pritchett had to overcome a methodological difficulty: The NFHS, modeled closely on the Demographic and Health Surveys, measures neither household income nor consumption expenditures. As a proxy for long-run household wealth, they constructed a linear asset index from a set of asset indicators, using principal components analysis to derive the weights. This asset index is robust, produces internally coherent results, and provides a close correspondence with data on state domestic product and on state level poverty rates. They validate the asset index using data on consumption spending and asset ownership from Indonesia, Nepal, and Pakistan. The asset index has reasonable coherence with current consumption expenditures and, more importantly, works as well as-or better than-traditional expenditure-based measures in predicting enrollment status. The authors find that on average a child from a wealthy household (in the top 20 percent on the asset index developed for this analysis) is 31 percent more likely to be enrolled in school than a child from a poor household (in the bottom 40 percent). This paper-a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to inform educational policy. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Educational Enrollment and Dropout (RPO 682-11). Deon Filmer may be contacted at [email protected] Previous bookNext book FiguresReferencesRecommendedDetailsCited BySocioeconomic determinants of Schistosoma mansoni infection using multiple correspondence analysis among rural western Kenyan communities: Evidence from a household-based studyPLOS ONE, Vol.16, No.623 June 2021From Participation To Repurchase: Low Income Households And Micro‐insuranceJournal of Risk and Insurance, Vol.87, No.328 June 2019Aflatoxin exposure in pregnant women of mixed status of human immunodeficiency virus infection and rate of gestational weight gain: a Ugandan cohort studyTropical Medicine & International Health, Vol.25, No.926 July 2020Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hypertension Subtypes Among the Adult Population in Nepal: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey DataOsong Public Health and Research Perspectives, Vol.10, No.6Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among adults in rural Sylhet district of Bangladesh: a cross-sectional studyBMJ Open, Vol.9, No.1028 October 2019Trends in educational and wealth inequalities in adult tobacco use in Nepal 2001–2016: secondary data analyses of four Demographic and Health SurveysBMJ Open, Vol.9, No.96 September 2019Le rôle de l'environnement dans les maladies diarrhéiques chez l'enfant : l'apport des méthodes mixtesCahiers québécois de démographie, Vol.48, No.111 November 2020Assessing changes in social determinants of health inequalities in South Africa : a decomposition analysisInternational Journal for Equity in Health, Vol.17, No.111 December 2018Child Malnutrition in Indonesia: Can Education, Sanitation and Healthcare Augment the Role of Income?Journal of International Development, Vol.30, No.525 March 2018Financial Inclusion and Welfare in South Africa: Is there a Gender Gap?Journal of African Development, Vol.18, No.2The Link between Health Condition Costs and Standard of Living Through Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditures and Labour Market Outcomes in Turkey: A Structural Equation ModellingSSRN Electronic JournalTime trends in socio-economic inequalities in stunting prevalence: analyses of repeated national surveysPublic Health Nutrition, Vol.18, No.1218 December 2014Constructing Common Factors from Continuous and Categorical DataEconometric Reviews, Vol.34, No.6-1017 December 2014Household living arrangements and transition to sexual debut among young people in GhanaSex Education, Vol.15, No.126 June 2014Factors associated with inappropriate complementary feeding practices among children aged 6-23 months in TanzaniaMaternal & Child Nutrition, Vol.10, No.423 August 2012Income Inequality, Socioeconomic Deprivation and Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults in MexicoPLoS ONE, Vol.9, No.924 September 2014Socioeconomic Determinants of Child Malnutrition in India: Evidence from NFHS-III.SSRN Electronic JournalWater, sanitation, and primary school attendance: A multi-level assessment of determinants of household-reported absence in KenyaInternational Journal of Educational Development, Vol.33, No.5Measuring the Level and Inequality of Wealth: An Application to ChinaReview of Income and Wealth, Vol.3422 August 2013Forest-poverty nexus: Exploring the contribution of forests to rural livelihoods in KenyaNatural Resources Forum, Vol.37, No.322 January 2013Prevention of Malaria in Pregnancy with Intermittent Preventive Treatment and Insecticide Treated Nets in Mali: A Quantitative Health Systems Effectiveness AnalysisPLoS ONE, Vol.8, No.628 June 2013Determinants of low birthweight, small-for-gestational-age and preterm birth in Lombok, Indonesia: analyses of the birthweight cohort of the SUMMIT trialTropical Medicine & International Health, Vol.17, No.830 July 2012Systemic Importance Index for Financial Institutions: A Principal Component Analysis ApproachSSRN Electronic JournalProfiling Child Poverty in Four WAEMU Countries: A Comparative Analysis Based on the Multidimensional Poverty ApproachWhy are there proportionately more poor pupils enrolled in non-state schools in urban Kenya in spite of FPE policy?International Journal of Educational Development, Vol.30, No.1Financial Incentives for Maternal Health: Impact Evaluation of a National Programme in NepalSSRN Electronic JournalProfiling Child Poverty in Four WAEMU Countries: A Comparative Analysis Based on the Multidimensional Poverty ApproachSSRN Electronic JournalChild Poverty Profile in Four WAEMU Countries: A Comparative Analysis Based on Multidimensional Poverty Approach/Profil De La Pauvreté Infantile Dans Quatre Pays De L'UEMOA: Une Analyse Comparative Basée Sur L'Approche Multidimensionnelle De La Pauvreté (French)SSRN Electronic JournalRural Households Decisions Towards Income Diversification: Evidence from a Township in Northern ChinaSSRN Electronic JournalClimate Shocks and Human Mobility: Evidence from NicaraguaSSRN Electronic JournalProfil De La Pauvrett Infantile Dans Quatre Pays De LLUemoa : Une Analyse Comparative Basse Sur LLApproche Multidimensionnelle De La Pauvrett (Profile of Child Poverty in Four Countries of UEMOA: A Comparative Analysis Based on the Multidimensional Approach to Poverty)SSRN Electronic JournalIncorporating Uncertainty in Poverty Dynamics: How Can We Assess the Economic Impact of Aids Mortality in the Presence of Measurement Error and Missing Data? Aids Mortality in the Presence of Measurement Error and Missing Data?SSRN Electronic JournalDeterminants of malnutrition in Senegal: Individual, household, community variables, and their interactionEconomics & Human Biology, Vol.6, No.2Cross-National Estimates of the Effects of Family Background on Student Achievement: A Sensitivity AnalysisInternational Review of Education, Vol.54, No.16 December 2007Child Survival, Poverty and Policy Options from DHS Surveys in Kenya: 1993-2003SSRN Electronic JournalPoverty in Tunisia: A Non-Monetary ApproachSSRN Electronic JournalDevelopment of a scale to measure economic status of students in rural vietnamAsia Pacific Education Review, Vol.8, No.2The impact of household type on adolescent women's well-being in KenyaHealth Sociology Review, Vol.16, No.217 December 2014Will buying tropical forest carbon benefit the poor? Evidence from Costa RicaLand Use Policy, Vol.24, No.3Poverty and Inequality in Tunisia: A Non-Monetary ApproachSSRN Electronic JournalPoverty and Inequality in Tunisia: A Non-Monetary Approach (Pauvreté Et Inégalités En Tunisie: Une Approche Non Monétaire)SSRN Electronic JournalÉvolution de la concentration du confiage en Afrique : l'exemple du Ghana et de la ZambieSociologie et sociétés, Vol.39, No.27 October 2008An Application of the Asset Index for Measuring Household Living Standards in ThailandSSRN Electronic Journal10 best resources for … measuring population healthHealth Policy and Planning, Vol.20, No.41 July 2005Infant Mortality in Uganda: Determinants, Trends, and the Millennium Development GoalsSSRN Electronic JournalEstimating Poverty Over Time and Space: Construction of a Time-Variant Poverty Index for Costa RicaSSRN Electronic JournalThe Distributional Impact of Forest Protection on Rural Economic Welfare: Evidence from Labagoumen Nature Reserve (China)SSRN Electronic JournalMarket structure and the demand for veterinary services in IndiaAgricultural Economics, Vol.29, No.1Parental Preference Over Child Education: Empirical Evidence from Two Indian StatesSSRN Electronic JournalGrowth and Poverty Reduction in Uganda, 1992-1999: A Multidimensional Analysis of Changes in Living StandardsSSRN Electronic JournalNON-PAYMENT OF SERVICES: A PROBLEM OF ABILITY-TO-PAYSouth African Journal of Economics, Vol.69, No.46 July 2005Counting the World's Poor: Problems and Possible SolutionsSSRN Electronic JournalThe Effect of Household Wealth on Educational Attainment: Evidence from 35 CountriesPopulation and Development Review, Vol.25, No.1 View Published: November 1999 Copyright & Permissions Related RegionsSouth AsiaRelated CountriesIndiaRelated TopicsFinance and Financial Sector DevelopmentMacroeconomics and Economic GrowthPoverty ReductionRural Development KeywordsASSETSCAPITAL MARKETSCONSUMPTIONCRED ECONOMIES OF SCALEELASTICITYGDPINCOMELIVING STANDARDSMEASUREMENTNET DOMESTIC PRODUCTOPPORTUNITY COSTSOUTCOMESOWNERSHIPPER CAPITA INCOMESPRINCIPALREGRESSION ANALYSISVALUEVARIABLESWEALTH PDF DownloadLoading ...