Taxonomic discoveries enabled by genomic analysis of butterflies.

The comparative genomics of butterflies yields additional insights into their phylogeny and classification that are compiled here. As a result, 3 genera, 5 subgenera, 5 species, and 3 subspecies are proposed as new, i.e., in Hesperiidae: <em>Antina </em>Grishin, gen. n. (type species <em>Antigonus minor</em> O. Mielke, 1980), <em>Pompe</em> Grishin and Lamas, gen. n. (type species <em>Lerema postpuncta</em> Draudt, 1923), and <em>Curva</em> Grishin, gen. n. (type species <em>Moeris hyagnis</em> Godman, 1900); in Lycaenidae: <em>Fussia</em> Grishin, subgen. n. (type species <em>Polyommatus standfussi</em> Grum-Grshimailo, 1891) and <em>Pava</em> Grishin, subgen. n. (type species <em>Thecla panava</em> Westwood, 1852); in Hesperiidae: <em>Monoca</em> Grishin, subgen. n. (type species <em>Tagiades monophthalma</em> Plötz, 1884), <em>Putuma</em> Grishin, subgen. n. (type species <em>Tisias putumayo</em> Constantino and Salazar, 2013), and <em>Rayia</em> Grishin, subgen. n. (type species <em>Mastor perigenes</em> Godman, 1900); <em>Cissia wahala </em>Grishin, sp. n. (Nymphalidae; type locality in Mexico: Oaxaca); in Hesperiidae: <em>Hedone mira</em> Grishin and Lamas, sp. n. (type locality in Peru: Apurímac), <em>Vidius pompeoides</em> Grishin, sp. n. (type locality in Brazil: Amazonas), <em>Parphorus hermieri</em> Grishin, sp. n. (Hesperiidae; type locality in Brazil: Rondônia), and <em>Zenis par</em> Grishin, sp. n. (Hesperiidae; type locality in Peru: Cuzco); in Pieridae: <em>Glutophrissa drusilla noroesta</em> Grishin, ssp. n. (type locality in USA: Texas, Cameron Co.) and <em>Pieris</em> <em>marginalis siblanca</em> Grishin, ssp. n. (type locality in USA: New Mexico, Lincoln Co.), and <em>Argynnis cybele neomexicana</em> Grishin, ssp. n. (Nymphalidae; type locality in USA: New Mexico, Sandoval Co.). <em>Acidalia leto valesinoides-alba</em> Reuss, [1926] and <em>Acidalia</em> <em>nokomis valesinoides-alba</em> Reuss, [1926] are unavailable names. Neotypes are designated for <em>Mylothris margarita</em> Hübner, [1825] (type locality in Brazil) and <em>Papilio coras</em> Cramer, 1775 (type locality becomes USA: Pennsylvania, Montgomery Co., Flourtown). <em>Mylothris margarita</em> Hübner, [1825] becomes a junior objective synonym of <em>Pieris ilaire</em> Godart, 1819, currently a junior subjective synonym of <em>Glutophrissa drusilla</em> (Cramer, 1777). Lectotypes are designated for <em>Hesperia ceramica</em> Plötz, 1886 (type locality in Indonesia: Seram Island), <em>Pamphila trebius</em> Mabille, 1891 (type locality Colombia: Bogota), <em>Methionopsis modestus</em> Godman, 1901 and <em>Papias microsema</em> Godman, 1900 (type locality in Mexico: Tabasco), <em>Hesperia fusca</em> Grote &amp; Robinson, 1867 (type locality in USA: Georgia), <em>Goniloba corusca</em> Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, and <em>Goniloba devanes</em> Herrich-Schäffer, 1869; the type localities of the last two species, together with <em>Pamphila stigma</em> Skinner, 1896 and <em>Carystus (Argon) lota</em> (Hewitson, 1877), are deduced to be in South America. Type locality of <em>Junonia pacoma</em> Grishin, 2020 is in Sinaloa, not Sonora (Mexico). Abdomen is excluded from the holotype of <em>Staphylus ascalon</em> (Staudinger, 1876). Furthermore, a number of taxonomic changes are proposed. <em>Alciphronia</em> Koçak, 1992 is treated as a subgenus, not a synonym of <em>Heodes</em> Dalman, 1816. The following genera are treated as subgenera: <em>Lafron</em> Grishin, 2020 of <em>Lycaena</em> [Fabricius], 1807, <em>Aremfoxia</em> Real, 1971 of <em>Epityches</em> D'Almeida, 1938, <em>Placidina</em> D'Almeida, 1928 of <em>Pagyris</em> Boisduval, 1870, and <em>Methionopsis</em> Godman, 1901 of <em>Mnasinous</em> Godman, 1900. <em>Polites (Polites) coras</em> (Cramer, 1775) is not a nomen dubium but a valid species. The following are species-level taxa (not subspecies or synonyms of taxa given in parenthesis): <em>Lycaena pseudophlaeas</em> (Lucas, 1866) and <em>Lycaena hypophlaeas</em> (Boisduval, 1852) (not <em>Lycaena phlaeas</em> (Linnaeus, 1761), <em>Satyrium dryope</em> (W. H. Edwards, 1870) (not <em>Satyrium sylvinus</em> (Boisduval, 1852)), <em>Apodemia cleis</em> (W. H. Edwards, 1882) (not <em>Apodemia zela</em> (Butler, 1870)), <em>Epityches thyridiana</em> (Haensch, 1909), comb. nov. (not <em>Epityches ferra</em> Haensch, 1909, comb. nov.), <em>Argynnis bischoffii</em> W. H. Edwards, 1870 (not <em>Argynnis mormonia</em> Boisduval, 1869), <em>Argynnis leto</em> Behr, 1862 (not <em>Argynnis</em> <em>cybele</em> (Fabricius, 1775)), <em>Boloria myrina</em> (Cramer, 1777) (not <em>Boloria selene</em> ([Denis &amp; Schiffermüller], 1775)), <em>Phyciodes jalapeno</em> J. Scott, 1998 (not <em>Phyciodes phaon</em> (W. H. Edwards, 1864)), <em>Phyciodes incognitus</em> Gatrelle, 2004 and <em>Phyciodes diminutor</em> J. Scott, 1998 (not <em>Phyciodes cocyta</em> (Cramer, 1777)), <em>Phyciodes orantain</em> J. Scott, 1998 (not <em>Phyciodes tharos</em> (Drury, 1773)), <em>Phyciodes</em> <em>anasazi</em> J. Scott, 1994 (not <em>Phyciodes batesii</em> (Reakirt, [1866])), <em>Cercyonis silvestris</em> (W. H. Edwards, 1861) (not <em>Cercyonis sthenele</em> (Boisduval, 1852)), <em>Paramacera allyni</em> L. Miller, 1972 and <em>Paramacera rubrosuffusa</em> L. Miller, 1972 (not <em>Paramacera xicaque</em> 2 (Reakirt, [1867])), <em>Cissia cheneyorum</em> (R. Chermock, 1949), <em>Cissia pseudocleophes</em> (L. Miller, 1976), and <em>Cissia anabelae</em> (L. Miller, 1976) (not <em>Cissia rubricata</em> (W. H. Edwards, 1871)), <em>Tarsoctenus gaudialis</em> (Hewitson, 1876) (not <em>Tarsoctenus corytus</em> (Cramer, 1777)), <em>Nisoniades inca</em> (Lindsey, 1925) (not <em>Nisoniades mimas</em> (Cramer, 1775), <em>Xenophanes ruatanensis</em> Godman &amp; Salvin, 1895 (not <em>Xenophanes tryxus</em> (Stoll, 1780)), <em>Lotongus shigeoi</em> Treadaway &amp; Nuyda, 1994, <em>Lotongus balta</em> Evans, 1949, <em>Lotongus zalates</em> (Mabille, 1893), and <em>Lotongus taprobanus</em> (Plötz, 1885) (not <em>Lotongus calathus</em> (Hewitson, 1876)), <em>Oxynthes martius</em> (Mabille, 1889) (not <em>Oxynthes corusca</em> (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)), <em>Notamblyscirtes durango</em> J. Scott, 2017 (not <em>Notamblyscirtes simius</em> W. H. Edwards, 1881), <em>Hedone praeceps</em> Scudder, 1872, <em>Hedone catilina</em> (Plötz, 1886), and <em>Hedone calla</em> (Evans, 1955) (not <em>Hedone</em> <em>vibex</em> (Geyer, 1832)), <em>Atalopedes huron</em> (W. H. Edwards, 1863) (not <em>Atalopedes campestris</em> (Boisduval, 1852)), <em>Papias microsema</em> Godman, 1900 (not <em>Mnasinous phaeomelas</em> (Hübner, [1829]), comb. nov.), <em>Papias unicolor</em> (Hayward, 1938) and <em>Papias monus</em> Bell, 1942 (not <em>Papias phainis</em> Godman, 1900), <em>Nastra leuconoides</em> (Lindsey, 1925) (not <em>Nastra leucone</em> (Godman, 1900)), <em>Nastra fusca</em> (Grote &amp; Robinson, 1867) (not <em>Nastra lherminier</em> (Latreille, [1824])), <em>Zenis hemizona</em> (Dyar, 1918) and <em>Zenis janka</em> Evans, 1955 (not <em>Zenis jebus</em> (Plötz, 1882)), <em>Carystus (Argon) argus</em> Möschler, 1879 (not <em>Carystus (Argon) lota</em> Hewitson, 1877), and <em>Lycas devanes</em> (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) (not <em>Lycas argentea</em> (Hewitson, 1866)). <em>Borbo impar ceramica</em> (Plötz, 1886), comb. nov. is not a synonym of <em>Pelopidas agna larika</em> (Pagenstecher, 1884) but a valid subspecies. <em>Parnassius smintheus behrii</em> W. H. Edwards, 1870 and <em>Cercyonis silvestris incognita</em> J. Emmel, T. Emmel &amp; Mattoon, 2012 are subspecies, not species. The following are junior subjective synonyms: <em>Shijimiaeoides</em> Beuret, 1958 of <em>Glaucopsyche</em> Scudder, 1872, <em>Micropsyche</em> Mattoni, 1981 of <em>Turanana</em> Bethune-Baker, 1916, <em>Cyclyrius</em> Butler, 1897 of <em>Leptotes</em> Scudder, 1876, <em>Mesenopsis </em>Godman &amp; Salvin, 1886 of <em>Xynias </em>Hewitson, 1874, <em>Carystus</em> <em>tetragraphus </em>Mabille, 1891 of <em>Lotongus calathus parthenope </em>(Plötz, 1886), <em>Parnara bipunctata</em> Elwes &amp; J. Edwards, 1897 of <em>Borbo</em> <em>impar ceramica</em> (Plötz, 1886), <em>Hesperia peckius</em> W. Kirby, 1837 of <em>Polites (Polites) coras</em> (Cramer, 1775), and <em>Lerodea neamathla</em> Skinner &amp; R. Williams, 1923 of <em>Nastra fusca</em> (Grote &amp; Robinson, 1867). The following transfers are proposed: of species between genera (i.e., revised genus-species combinations): <em>Nervia niveostriga</em> (Trimen, 1864) (not <em>Kedestes </em>Watson, 1893), <em>Leona lota</em> Evans, 1937 (not <em>Lennia </em>Grishin, 2022), <em>Leona pruna</em> (Evans, 1937) and <em>Leona reali </em>(Berger, 1962) (not <em>Pteroteinon </em>Watson, 1893), <em>Mnasinous phaeomelas</em> (Hübner, [1829]) (not <em>Papias </em>Godman, 1900), <em>Saturnus jaguar</em> (Steinhauser, 2008) (not <em>Parphorus </em>Godman, 1900), <em>Parphorus harpe</em> (Steinhauser, 2008) (not <em>Saturnus </em>Evans, 1955), <em>Parphorus kadeni</em> (Evans, 1955) (not <em>Lento </em>Evans, 1955), and <em>Calpodes chocoensis</em> (Salazar &amp; Constantino, 2013) (not <em>Megaleas </em>Godman, 1901); of subspecies between species (i.e., revised species-subspecies combinations): <em>Melitaea sterope</em> W. H. Edwards, 1870 of <em>Chlosyne palla</em> (Boisduval, 1852) (not <em>Chlosyne acastus</em> (W. H. Edwards, 1874)) and <em>Panoquina ocola distipuncta</em> Johnson &amp; Matusik, 1988 of <em>Panoquina lucas</em> (Fabricius, 1793); and junior subjective synonym transferred between species: <em>Rhinthon zaba</em> Strand, 1921 of <em>Conga chydaea</em> (A. Butler, 1877), not <em>Cynea cynea</em> (Hewitson, 1876), <em>Pamphila stigma</em> Skinner, 1896 of <em>Hedone catilina</em> (Plötz, 1886), not <em>Hedone praeceps</em> Scudder, 1872, and <em>Pamphila ortygia</em> Möschler, 1883 of <em>Panoquina hecebolus</em> (Scudder, 1872), not <em>Panoquina ocola</e