High-pressure synthesis of seven lanthanum hydrides with a significant variability of hydrogen content

The lanthanum-hydrogen system has attracted significant attention following the report of superconductivity in LaH₁₀ at near-ambient temperatures and high pressures. Phases other than LaH₁₀ are suspected to be synthesized based on both powder X-ray diffraction and resistivity data, although they have not yet been identified. Here, we present the results of our single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies on this system, supported by density functional theory calculations, which reveal an unexpected chemical and structural diversity of lanthanum hydrides synthesized in the range of 50 to 180 GPa. Seven lanthanum hydrides were produced, LaH₃, LaH_~4, LaH_4+δ, La₄H₂₃, LaH_6+δ, LaH_9+δ, and LaH_10+δ, and the atomic coordinates of lanthanum in their structures determined. The regularities in rare-earth element hydrides unveiled here provide clues to guide the search for other synthesizable hydrides and candidate high-temperature superconductors. The hydrogen content variability in lanthanum hydrides and the samples' phase heterogeneity underline the challenges related to assessing potentially superconducting phases and the nature of electronic transitions in high-pressure hydrides.