Detection of Fish Pathogens in Freshwater Aquaculture Using eDNA Methods

Organisms release their nucleic acid in the environment, including the DNA and RNA, which can be used to detect their presence. eDNA/eRNA techniques are being used in different sectors to identify organisms from soil, water, air, and ice. The advancement in technology led to easier detection of different organisms without impacting the environment or the organism itself. These methods are being employed in different areas, including surveillance, history, and conservation. eDNA and eRNA methods are being extensively used in aquaculture and fisheries settings to understand the presence of different fish species and pathogens in water. However, there are some challenges associated with the reliability of results because of the degradation of nucleic acid by several factors. In aquaculture, there are several diseases and parasites detected with these methods. In this review, we discuss different aquaculture diseases and parasites detected with eDNA/eRNA approach and the fate of these nucleic acids when subjected to different water quality and environmental parameters. This review intends to help the researcher with the potential of eDNA/eRNA-based detection of pathogens in aquaculture; this will be useful to predict a potential outbreak before it occurs. Along with that, this paper intends to help people understand several factors that degrade and can hamper the detection of these nucleic acids.