Assessment of Immunological Responses - A Novel Challenge in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

The number of articles on tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has increased dramatically in the last decade; however, the number of clinically implemented techniques remains small. Possible reasons include insufficient investigation of immune reactions on implanted tissue-engineered grafts and cells or a lack of consensus regarding which immunological tests must be performed to evaluate immunological responses. To provide an example of insufficiency in the assessment of immunological reactions, we analyzed three papers published between 2020 and 2021 and discussed the possibility of creating a standardized assay palette for the assessment of immunological responses in different types of implants.