Recreational Fishing as a Major Pathway for the Introduction of Invasive Species

Recreational fishing is a hugely popular tourist pastime, and contributes significantly to local economies and human well-being. As a result, angling activities are being increasingly recognized as a key pathway for the introduction of invasive fish. Introductions of non-native fish to specifically create recreational fisheries has been occurring for centuries and is a trend that continues to this day, whether legal or not, as anglers and venture capitalists seek to establish new sport fishing opportunities. Similarly, travel and tourism to catch exciting species in a natural habitat is common practice. Unfortunately, movement of people and gear between waterbodies without suitable biosecurity measures has been responsible for several unintentional invasions by hitchhiker species. We present a series of case studies to illustrate the complex socio-economic dynamics of recreational fishing activities which drive biological invasions globally. These include intentional introductions of fishing, unintentional introductions of hitchhikers and stowaway species, and wilful (purposeless) introductions of bait-bucket species. The different social and economic values ascribed to non-native sport fish can create complex management dynamics. Wicked problems may emerge where conflicting values are experienced by different user groups (i.e. conservationists and anglers/tourism operators), therefore, the social interplay between people and biological needs to be addressed going forward.