In vitro characterization of the percutaneous absorption of tramadol into inner ear domestic feline skin using the Franz skin finite dose model

Introduction Companion animals such as cats and dogs are popular pets in many countries around the world. In the United States, the estimated percentages of households owning pets are 30.4% for cats and 36.5% for dogs [1]. Though both domestic animals are cherished by their caregivers, cats are often under-treated for