The using of data on the moult progress in the study of migration periods of the annual cycle of passerines

Using trapping and ringing of birds for studying the ecology and the demographic parameters of populations is necessary to determine as accurately as possible in which period of the annual cycle each individual was caught. The first-year passerine birds undergo juvenile migration (usually in form of postfledging dispersal) and postmoulting (autumn) migration in summer-autumn period. These stages of annual cycle are difficult to identify in trapping birds by calendar dates because the timing of migration seasons can significantly overlap in the same location. The study of moult at the Ladoga Ornithological Station made it possible to determine the states of plumage that mark juvenile and postmoulting migrations in first-year birds. The article presents two examples of the use of moult progress in the study of bird migrations. The first one is an analysis of the ratio of the terms of departure and passage in three long-distant and three short-distant migrants of passerines. It has been shown that the timing of the departure of local birds is earlier than the timing of the passage of other populations in all studied species, while the last local individuals in long-distance migrants are recorded long before the end of the passage of the species, and in short-distance migrants they can be found until its end. As another example, an analysis of long-term trends in the timing of summer-autumn movements in the Garden Warbler was performed. It is shown that for almost a fifty-year observation period, neither the timing of juvenile migration nor the timing of postmoulting migration of first-year birds has changed. At the same time, the timing of the spring passage of the species shifted to earlier. As a result, the duration of stay of the Garden Warbler in the Ladoga region has increased.