Characteristics of antibiotic resistance mechanisms and genes of <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>

<i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> is an important multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen that can cause a range of infections in hospitalized patients. With the growing use of antibiotics, MDR <i>K. pneumoniae</i> is more prevalent, posing additional difficulties and obstacles in clinical therapy. To provide a valuable reference to deeply understand <i>K. pneumoniae</i>, and also to provide the theoretical basis for clinical prevention of such bacteria infections, the antibiotic resistance and mechanism of <i>K. pneumoniae</i> are discussed in this article. We conducted a literature review on antibiotic resistance of <i>K. pneumoniae.</i> We ran a thorough literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, among other databases. We also thoroughly searched the literature listed in the papers. We searched all antibiotic resistance mechanisms and genes of seven important antibiotics used to treat <i>K. pneumoniae</i> infections. Antibiotics such as β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and quinolones are used in the treatment of <i>K. pneumoniae</i> infection. With both chromosomal and plasmid-encoded ARGs, this pathogen has diverse resistance genes. Carbapenem resistance genes, enlarged-spectrum β-lactamase genes, and AmpC genes are the most often β-lactamase resistance genes. <i>K. pneumoniae</i> is a major contributor to antibiotic resistance worldwide. Understanding <i>K. pneumoniae</i> antibiotic resistance mechanisms and molecular characteristics will be important for the design of targeted prevention and novel control strategies against this pathogen.