Use of treated sewage or wastewater as an irrigation water for agricultural purposes- Environmental, health, and economic impacts

Reusing sewage water for crop irrigation becomes necessary due to freshwater scarcity, and groundwater depletion. Although the suitability of using treated sewage for crop irrigation remains a topic of argument among government authorities and policymakers. In light of this, this review article summarizes the present global situation and techniques for recycling and application of treated sewage water in agriculture. This paper highlights the environmental, health, and economic impacts of using wastewater as crop irrigation water, along with the advantages and disadvantages are carefully considered. The main objective of this study is to present a global scenario of treated wastewater being used to irrigate agricultural crops, along with the hazards associated with soil fertility, crop production, public health, and economic factors. This study compiled information on the best sewage treatment for agricultural irrigation disinfection practices. Eventually, database of laws and rules governing the use of sewage or wastewater in agricultural irrigation techniques for many countries throughout the world was created. As an environmental impact, effects on water bodies, quality of agricultural soil, microbial communities of soil, and growth of plants have been summarized. For the impact on public health, significant emphasis was given to the exposure to pathogens and heavy metals for both farmers and consumers. The potential risks of utilizing sewage water for human consumption have also been summarised. Focusing on summarizing economic impact involves financial investment and benefits to sewage treatment plants and farmers.