Biomass-derived biochar in wastewater treatment- a circular economy approach

Over the years, promising results have been demonstrated using various biomass-based adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater. However, the circular economy prospect of these adsorbents has been grossly neglected. This mini-review provides an inclusive overview of the applications of biomass-derived biochar in wastewater treatment within the framework of a circular economy. The application of biomass-based adsorbents for the treatment of various contaminants such as organic pollutants, heavy metals, nutrients, and leachates were highlighted. It further discusses the adsorption capacity of different biochar types and the performance evaluation of biochar-based treatment systems. In addition, the circular economy approach of biochar in the construction industry, the refinery sector, and sustainable agricultural practices were discussed. What’s more? The application of machine learning for the study of biochar was briefly discussed. Furthermore, the review examines the environmental and economic considerations associated with the utilization of biomass-derived biochar toward achieving eco-friendliness and environmental sustainability. Finally, research gaps were identified for future research development.