Distribution of PAHs, PCBs, and PCDD/Fs in products from full-scale relevant pyrolysis of diverse contaminated organic waste

Biomass pyrolysis is the anoxic thermal conversion of biomass into a carbon rich, porous solid, often called biochar. This could be a better waste management alternative for contaminated organic wastes than incineration, due to the useful properties of biochar and potential for carbon sequestration. There are, however, concerns about the potential formation/destruction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs). Six organic wastes, including digested sewage sludges, wood wastes, and food waste reject, were pyrolyzed (500-800°C) in a full-scale relevant unit (1-5 kg biochar hr^-1). Removal efficiencies for PCBs and PCDD/Fs were > 99% in the produced biochars. Biochar PAH-content (2.7-118 mgkg^-1) was not significantly correlated to feedstock or temperature. PAHs (2563-8285 mgkg^-1), PCBs (22-113 µgkg^-1), and PCDD/Fs (1.8-50 ngTEQ kg^-1) accumulated in the pyrolysis condensate, making this a hazardous waste best handled as a fuel for high temperature combustion. Emission concentrations for PAHs (0.22-421 µgNm^-3) and PCDD/Fs (≤2.7 pgTEQ Nm^-3) were mainly associated with particles and were below the European Union's waste incineration thresholds. Emission factors ranged from 0.0002 to 78 mg tonne^-1 biochar for PAHs and 0.002-0.45 µgTEQ tonne^-1 biochar for PCDD/Fs. PCDD/F-formation was negligible during high temperature (≥500 °C) biomass pyrolysis (69-90% net loss).