Applications of internet of things (IoT) and sensors technology to increase food security and agricultural Sustainability: Benefits and challenges

Agriculture must overcome escalating problems in order to feed a growing population while preserving the environment and natural resources. Recently, it has become clear that sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT) are effective tools for boosting agricultural sustainability and food security. This study provides insights into the global market size for smart agriculture in future years from 2021 to 2030, In addition, this research offered four levels of the IoT architecture for smart agriculture: the perception or sensing and actuator layer, the network layer, the cloud layer, and the application layer. The state of the art in IoT and sensor technologies for agriculture is examined in this review paper, along with some of their potential uses, including 1) irrigation monitoring systems, 2) fertilizer administration, 3) crop disease detection, 4) monitoring (yield monitoring, quality monitoring, processing monitoring logistic monotoring), forecasting, and harvesting, 5) climate conditions monitoring, and 6) fire detection. Additionally, this review offers a number of sensors for agriculture that can detect parameters like soil NPK, moisture, nitrate, pH, electrical conductivity, CO2, temperature, humidity, light, weather station, water level, livestock, plant disease, smoke, flame, flexible wearable. Subsequently, this study highlights the advantages of IoT in smart agriculture, including superior efficiency, expansion, reduced resources, cleaner method, agility, and product quality improvement. However, there are still issues that need to be resolved in order for IoT technology to be used in agriculture where covered in this paper, and also provide insights into future research directions and opportunities. This study will contribute to helping future readers and researchers to better understand the state of academic achievement in this subject.