Radiation Tolerance of Low-Noise Photoreceivers for the LISA Space Mission

This study investigates the effects of space environmental radiation on the performance of InGaAs Quadrant Photodiodes (QPDs) and assesses their suitability for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission. QPDs of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm have been irradiated with 20 and 60 MeV protons, 0.5 and 1 MeV electrons, and Co$^{60}$ gamma. An exposure corresponding to a displacement damage equivalent fluence of $1.0 \times 10^{+12}$ p/cm$^2$ for 20 and 60 MeV protons and a total ionizing dose of 237 krad were applied, surpassing the anticipated radiation levels for the LISA mission by a factor of approximately five. Experiments were conducted to measure changes in QPD dark current, capacitance, and responsivity. The QPDs are integrated with a low-noise DC-coupled transimpedance amplifier to form the Photoreceiver (QPR). QPR noise and performance in an interferometric system like LISA were also measured. Although radiation impacted their dark current and responsivity, almost all QPDs met LISA's validation criteria and did not demonstrate any critical failure. These findings prove that the tested QPDs are promising candidates for LISA and other space-based missions.