Recent advances in biodegradable metals for implant applications: Exploring in vivo and in vitro responses

Biodegradable metals and their alloys have gained significant attention as promising candidates for biomedical applications. Notably, Magnesium, Zinc, and Iron stand out as the most prominent biodegradable materials, prompting extensive research into novel alloy development. These metals exhibit inherent biodegradability, acceptable biocompatibility, and commendable mechanical integrity, rendering them suitable for implant use. In this comprehensive review, we delve into recent advancements in biodegradable implants within the biomedical domain, with a primary focus on orthopedic and cardiovascular applications. The paper extensively explores the in vivo and in vitro degradation behavior, mechanical properties, and corrosion mechanism of these materials. Additionally, we discuss progress in surface modification and fabrication techniques, vital in optimizing implant performance. However, certain limitations associated with alloying materials, especially Zinc and Iron, have hindered their widespread implementation. We underscore the importance of overcoming these challenges to unlock the full potential of these materials. Furthermore, we present the promise of new metals, such as Molybdenum, which exhibit remarkable properties, opening doors to implants with superior mechanical characteristics. Overall, this review emphasizes the growing significance of biodegradable metallic implants, showcasing their potential to address diverse clinical needs. By addressing material limitations and harnessing innovative metals, we pave the way for the development of implants with superior mechanical properties and desirable degradation rates, thus revolutionizing the field of biomedical applications.