Bright, photostable and long-circulating NIR-II nanoparticles for whole-process monitoring and evaluation of renal transplantation

Kidney transplantation is the gold standard for the treatment of end-stage renal diseases (ESRDs). However, the scarcity of donor kidneys has caused more and more ESRD patients to be stuck on the waiting list for transplant surgery. Improving the survival rate for renal grafts is an alternative solution to the shortage of donor kidneys. Therefore, real-time monitoring of the surgical process is crucial to the success of kidney transplantation, but efficient methods and techniques are lacking. Herein, a fluorescence technology based on bright, photostable and long-circulating aggregation-induced emission (AIE) active NIR-II nano-contrast agent DIPT-ICF nanoparticles for the whole-process monitoring and evaluation of renal transplantation has been reported. In the aggregated state, DIPT-ICF exhibits superior photophysical properties compared with the commercial dyes IR-26 and IR-1061. Besides, the long-circulating characteristic of the AIE nano-contrast agent helps to achieve renal angiography in kidney retrieval surgery, donor kidney quality evaluation, diagnosing vascular and ureteral complications, and assessment of renal graft reperfusion beyond renovascular reconstruction, which considerably outperforms the clinically approved indocyanine green (ICG).