Performance evaluation of commercially available swabs for environmental monitoring: Uptake and release efficiency

Safety and the quality of products rely on proper cleanliness procedures and good manufacturing practices in the production environment. The use of swabs for the collection of samples from surfaces has been a common practice in industries, medicine and forensic studies. To accommodate these different purposes, many varieties of swabs have been introduced into the market, and it is important to assess the performance of these swabs before incorporating into an environmental monitoring procedure. The overall effectiveness of a swab is determined by two factors: the number of bacteria that a swab can uptake from a surface and the number of picked-up bacteria the swab can elute into a releasing buffer. This study evaluated the uptake efficiency and release efficiency of four different commercially available swabs: CleanFoam (Texwipes, USA), FLOQSwabs (Copan diagnostic Inc., USA), Hydraflock swabs (Puritan medical products, USA), and Cotton swabs. Cotton swabs showed the highest uptake efficiency (96.5 ± 1.9%), whereas CleanFoam swabs (57.9 ± 20.3%) showed the least. Both flocked (FLOQSwabs and Hydraflock) swabs showed over 80% uptake efficiency. Releasing efficiency of swabs was tested with eight different releasing buffers. Cotton swabs displayed the lowest release efficiency with most of the tested releasing buffers. When employed with Tris HEPES, Tris MOPS, Tris TAPS, FLOQSwabs, and Hydraflock swabs exhibited releasing efficiency of over 75%. The overall efficiency of the swabs was determined using TAPS as the releasing buffer and the values obtained were 80.4 ± 9.8%, 54.7 ± 16.9%, 35.0 ± 12.7% and 25.2 ± 6.9% for Hydraflock swabs, FLOQSwabs, Cotton swabs and Cleanfoam swabs, respectively.