Climate variability and livelihood in Somaliland: a review of the impacts, gaps, and ways forward

Climate change and variability are major threats to people’s livelihoods in Somaliland, as they depend on agriculture and livestock and have a low adaptive capacity. This review aimed to assess the impacts of climate variability on livelihoods, identify gaps, and provide ways to enhance adaptation and resilience in Somaliland. It was based on secondary data from relevant sources such as journal articles, books, chapters, and reports from national and international organizations. This review revealed that extreme climate events, such as droughts and floods, have significantly impacted livelihoods in Somaliland by causing crop failure, livestock loss, food insecurity, water scarcity, and population displacement. The literature lacks sufficient data and analysis on the vulnerability and adaptation of different livelihood groups and sectors in Somaliland. The country’s institutions and policies have not adequately addressed the issues of climate risk reduction and community resilience. This review provides ways to enhance a country’s climate and livelihood by informing policymakers, planners, and other stakeholders to intervene and improve the country’s climate variability and livelihood situations. It recommends future policies, strategies, programs, and activities that focus on sustainable agriculture support, livelihood diversification, the strengthening of local institutions, and research on climate variability, adaptation, livelihood diversification, and food security.