ß2-Microglobulin Biomarkers’ Roles in Assessing Cadmium Toxicity

Metal/metalloid such as cadmium (Cd) is among the most poisonous agents found in the environment. Exposure to these components is still a serious public health problem, particularly at chronic low dosage levels. Cadmium is a significant industrial agent and environmental contaminant that is a primary cause of kidney dysfunction. Cadmium aggregates in the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule after prolonged exposure, leading in polyuria and low-molecular-weight proteinuria. To estimate biomonitoring of B2-microglobulin biomarker is important. The elevation of levels of biomarker will clinically signify kidney dysfunction. B2-Microglobulin is a low molecular weight protein containing immunoglobulin-like sequences. This protein is an essential cell-surface structure since it is part of the HLA complex. Under normal circumstances, B2-microglobulin is generated and shed by numerous cells, mainly lymphocytes, and is detectable in the blood of healthy people. Because of its tiny size, it is generally filtered easily at the glomerulus and catabolized by the kidney’s proximal tubular cells. Increased serum levels are related with impaired renal function and hyperproduction of B2-microglobulin. It is claimed that B2-microglobulin functions as a modulator of lymphocyte surface and a possible immune system regulator. While traditional endpoints such as morphological changes and biochemical parameters for target organ toxicity were effective in assessing the toxicity of high-dose metal/metalloid mixtures, biomarkers, altered haem biosynthesis, and stress proteins, which demonstrated clear responses in assessing the toxicity of low-dose metal/metalloid mixtures. This review mainly emphasises on B2-microglobulin biomarker and it significant and analysis of cadmium (Cd) toxicity.