Estimating evapotranspiration rate in greywater-irrigated pilot living green wall using sensor-derived temperature data from three different orientations

In recent years as a result of the rapid increase in population growth rapid expansion of urban areas has occurred and green spaces have decreased drastically resulting in urban heat island phenomena. Vertical green systems (VGS) have emerged as a solution to these challenges due to their natural cooling effect and heat regulation properties. A green wall is a vertical planting system that consists of vegetation, an integrated substrate, and occasionally an automated watering system. It is also referred to as a vertical garden or living wall. Achieving uniform water distribution and accurate estimation of irrigation requirements in living green walls (LGWs) is still a challenge due to the vertical gradient, plant diversity, microclimate variations, maintenance challenges, and a lack of available technology. From this perspective, the aim of the study is to utilize the temperature data from sensors to estimate the evapotranspiration rate in different orientations. The study findings will also contribute to improving water management practices, as well as it will play an important role in sustainable urban development.