Large‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Over the European Sector During the Geomagnetic Storm on March 23–24, 2023: Energy Deposition in the Source Regions and the Propagation Characteristics

Abstract Multiple Large‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (LSTIDs) are observed in the European sector in both day‐time and night‐time during the magnetic storm on March 23–24, 2023. The Total Electron Content (TEC) observation from a network of GNSS receivers shows the propagation of LSTIDs with amplitudes between around 0.5 and 1 TECU originating from auroral and polar cusp regions down to southern Europe (35°N) with velocities between around 500 and 1,600 [m/s]. We study the energy deposition to the LSTIDs in the source regions and the resulting horizontal propagation over storm‐time background density by using continuous measurements of EISCAT incoherent scatter radars in northern Norway and Svalbard that allow for estimating the source energy to the thermosphere‐ionosphere system via Joule heating and particle precipitation. Both EISCAT and GNSS TEC data show that the electron density decreased to 50% in the auroral zone after the storm onset. The ionospheric heating caused a nearly 250% increase in the electron temperature above 200 km altitude and the ion temperature above 100 km altitude. We find that Joule Heating acts as a primary energy source for the night‐time LSTIDs triggered in the auroral region, while the day‐time LSTIDs can be also driven by precipitating particles in the polar cusp. We also find that a significant background density decrease over the whole European sector is caused by this storm for the following day, during which almost no clear LSTIDs are observed.