The Structure of Open and Distance English Language Teaching Models: A Follow Up Study 2018 – 2023

In recent years, the widespread adoption of Open and Distance Learning (ODL) has revolutionized education, especially English language teaching. ODL has democratized access to educational resources and enables interaction between students and instructors across geographical boundaries. Moreover, technology integration has emerged as a dominant theme, with a focus on web-based, computeraided, and mobile-learning systems. However, the study advocates for innovative approaches, such as mobile and game-based learning, aligning with contemporary trends. The adoption of various evaluation methods shows the recognition of individual differences and underscores the need for a comprehensive view of learner progress. This research employs a systematic approach to review literature and investigate the common structures of ODL models for teaching the English language, focusing on articles published between 2018 and 2023. This study categorizes studies based on five macro dimensions of ODL —management, communication, learning, technology, and evaluation—in order to identify common themes and patterns within the literature. In contrast to a previous study spanning 1990 to 2017, this investigation uncovers the evolving landscape of distance education, underscoring the need for continued research and improvement. This research emphasizes the lack of a comprehensive management model for EFL education delivered through ODL, and suggests the need for further investigation in this domain. Moreover, the findings emphasize the significance of leveraging diverse communication models to enhance learner engagement. A shift towards autonomous learning models is observed, demanding further investigation into strategies that support effective self-directed learning experiences. In conclusion, this comprehensive analysis provides a roadmap for advancing ODL models in English-language education. To enhance the quality and accessibility of English language instruction in ODL, educators and researchers can concentrate on addressing management gaps, optimizing communication strategies, promoting autonomous learning, exploring advanced technologies, and refining evaluation approaches. This research offers a rich repository of knowledge for educators, researchers, and academic institutions that wish to deepen their comprehension and practical application of ODL approaches in the domain of English language instruction