Evaluation of Occupancy Detection with Distributed Environmental Sensors for IoT Applications

Occupancy refers to the presence of people in rooms and buildings. It is an essential input for IoT applications, including controlling lighting, heating, access, and monitoring space limitation policies. Occupancy information can also be used to improve users’ comfort and to reduce energy waste in buildings. This paper evaluates the performance and resource consumption of recent machine learning techniques for occupancy detection and measurement by exploiting data from distributed environmental sensors. This evaluation is founded on a dataset captured by our dedicated sensor network for indoor monitoring, comprising temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide (CO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>) sensors. Using different sensor modalities and spatio-temporal data selections, we compare eight classification algorithms based on the accuracy achieved and the required runtimes. Binary classification for occupancy detection (OD) achieves accuracies over 90% for individual modalities and close to 100% for modality combinations. Multi-class classification for occupancy measurements (OM) shows as clear ranking of the sensor modalities, and gradient boosting algorithms are superior when combining sensor modalities and fusing data from multiple sensors.