Expanding <scp>MNS1</scp> Heterotaxy Phenotype

MNS1 (meiosis-specific nuclear structural protein-1 gene) encodes a structural protein implicated in motile ciliary function and sperm flagella assembly. To date, two different homozygous MNS1 variants have been associated with autosomal recessive visceral heterotaxy (MIM#618948). A French individual was identified with compound heterozygous variants in the MNS1 gene. A collaborative call was proposed via GeneMatcher to describe new cases with this rare syndrome, leading to the identification of another family. The first patient was a female presenting complete situs inversus and unusual symptoms, including severe myopia and dental agenesis of 10 permanent teeth. She was found to carry compound heterozygous frameshift and nonsense variants in MNS1. The second and third patients were sibling fetuses with homozygous in-frame deletion variants in MNS1 and homozygous missense variants in GLDN. Autopsies revealed a complex prenatal malformation syndrome. We add here new cases with the ultra-rare MNS1-related disorder and provide a review of all published individuals.