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National security assessment is a strategic direction of research in ensuring sustainable socio-economic development. This study aims to highlight the critical shortcomings of current national security assessment approaches. The authors propose a system of indicators to assess the components of national security which satisfies the officially adopted national goals and strategic objectives of the development in the Russian Federation. The methodological basis of the study is both scientific and regulatory documents on assessing and ensuring safety, as well as sustainable development. The main scientific tools used in the work are: economic and systemic types of analysis, including conceptual content analysis and information modeling. The study develops a system of assessment indicators depending on the main types of security that form national security. At the same time, it shows that further development of approaches to assessing national and individual types of security requires systematic consideration, taking into account the multifaceted nature of emerging relationships and their consequences. The approach used corresponds to our interpretation of national security, defined as protection from internal and external threats, in which all types of security are systematically ensured and the stability of its indicators is maintained. The findings have a widely applied purpose and can be recommended for ministries and departments, research and educational organizations in assessing and ensuring national and specific types of security, including developing regulatory documentation, scientific and educational publications.