Estimated human intake of endogenous and exogenous hormones from beef in the United States

Hormonal growth promotants (HGP) are used to increase beef production and have been linked to adverse reproductive effects. We estimated daily intake of MGA and several other HGP using US nationally-representative beef consumption data collected between 2015-2018 and HGP concentrations in retail beef. Estimated intake was highest for young children, but estimates were generally very low compared to current health-based intake limits. However, these limits are typically based on studies in adult animals, and further study of potential adverse effects during sensitive developmental periods, such as in early life, may be warranted to ensure recommended intake limits are health-protective.