Meniscus Tears: Risk Factors, Physical Examination, and Preventive Approaches

Abstract. Meniscus injuries are among the most frequent knee issues, affecting individuals across a wide age range and often resulting from acute trauma or age-related degeneration. The meniscus, essential for knee stability, shock absorption, and joint lubrication, is particularly vulnerable to injury in sports involving twisting and pivoting motions. This review discusses the anatomy of the meniscus, various types of tearssuch as radial, horizontal, complex, and bucket-handle tearsand the primary risk factors, including sports activities and occupational stress. Diagnostic tools like the McMurray and Apley compression tests, along with MRI, are crucial in assessing the severity of the injury. Effective prevention strategies include strengthening exercises for the quadriceps and hamstrings, flexibility routines, proper movement techniques, and the use of protective gear like knee braces. Early detection and consistent preventive measures are critical in preserving knee function, minimizing the risk of re-injury, and preventing long-term complications such as osteoarthritis.