Torque as key parameter for a better efficiency determination of electric motors and generators

In a soon to be net zero future, renewable energy generation, electric personal cars as well as commercial vehicles, aircrafts with battery-electric drive systems and ships with electric engines will soon dominate the landscape and because of the urgent need for conversion one day will determine our daily lives. The paper shows how to achieve a better efficiency determination of electric motors and generators by better cross-connection of mechanical and electrical side to further reduce the total measurement uncertainty.