Progress and challenges in infectious disease surveillance and early warning

The increasing incidence of emerging infectious diseases emphasizes the urgent need for timely and accurate global surveillance and early warning systems. In recent years, infectious disease surveillance has become more diversified, and early warning technologies have seen significant advancements in sensitivity and timeliness. This review outlines the evolution and application of infectious disease surveillance and focuses on the potential of the One Health approach. By integrating data across human, animal, and environmental domains, the One Health approach provides a more comprehensive and effective framework for addressing future pandemics. Furthermore, this review systematically introduces key concepts in infectious disease early warning that include the selection of warning thresholds and the categorization of warning models. This review also summarizes representative global early warning systems for infectious diseases, discusses their prospects, and offers insights for developing intelligent, multi-source data-driven monitoring and early warning systems globally.