Nitrogen single and multiple breath washout test and lung imaging to detect treatment-related pulmonary toxicity in paediatric cancer patients and survivors: a systematic review

We identified a limited number of studies, mainly after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, reporting functional and structural lung abnormalities in paediatric cancer patients and survivors. Longitudinal studies with standardised assessments using nitrogen single or multiple breath washout tests and lung imaging are needed to improve our understanding of treatment-related pulmonary toxicity.