Point-of-need diagnostics in a post-Covid world: an opportunity for paper-based microfluidics to serve during syndemics

Zoonotic outbreaks present with unpredictable threats to human health, food production, biodiversity, national security and disrupt the global economy. The COVID-19 pandemic-caused by zoonotic coronavirus, SARS-CoV2- is the most recent upsurge of an increasing trend in outbreaks for the past 100 years. This year, emergence of avian influenza (H5N1) is a stark reminder of the need for national and international pandemic preparedness. Tools for threat reduction include consistent practices in reporting pandemics, and widespread availability of accurate detection technologies. Wars and extreme climate events redouble the need for fast, adaptable and affordable diagnostics at the point of need. During the recent pandemic, rapid home tests for SARS-CoV-2 proved to be a viable functional model that leverages simplicity. In this perspective, we introduce the concept of syndemnicity in the context of infectious diseases and point-of-need healthcare diagnostics. We also provide a brief state-of-the-art for paper-based microfluidics. We illustrate our arguments with a case study for detecting brucellosis in cows. Finally, we conclude with lessons learned, challenges and opportunities for paper-based microfluidics to serve point-of-need healthcare diagnostics during syndemics.