Effectiveness of catch-up and at-birth nirsevimab immunisation against RSV hospital admission in the first year of life: a population-based case–control study, Spain, 2023/24 season

BackgroundRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes substantial morbidity in infants < 1 year. In October 2023, Spain recommended the monoclonal antibody nirsevimab to all children born since 1 April 2023, at birth or as catch-up if born before October 2023.AimWe estimated nirsevimab effectiveness in preventing RSV hospitalisations during the 2023/24 season.MethodsWe conducted a nationwide population-based matched case-control study. Cases were children hospitalised for lower respiratory tract infection who were RSV PCR-positive. For each case, we selected four population density controls born in the same province and date (±2 days). We defined at-birth immunisation as receiving nirsevimab during the first 2 weeks of life, and catch-up immunisation within 30 days from campaign onset. Causal intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) effectiveness was estimated using inverse-probability-of-immunisation weighted conditional logistic regression.ResultsWe included 406 cases and 1,623 controls in catch-up and 546 cases and 2,182 controls in at-birth immunisation studies. Effectiveness in preventing RSV hospitalisations for catch-up immunisation was 71% (95% confidence interval (CI): 65-76) by ITT and 80% (95% CI: 75-84) PP. Effectiveness for at-birth immunisation was 78% (95% CI: 73-82) by ITT and 83% (95% CI: 79-87) PP. Effectiveness was similar for ICU admission, need of mechanical ventilation, and RSV viral subgroups A and B. Children born pre-term or with birthweight < 2,500 g showed lower PP effectiveness of 60-70%.ConclusionsPopulation-level nirsevimab immunoprophylaxis in children in their first RSV season was very effective in preventing RSV hospitalisations, ICU admission and mechanical ventilation, with reduced but still high effectiveness for pre-term and low-birthweight children.