Anti-inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Iridoid Glycosides from the Roots of <i>Gomphandra mollis</i>

Ten previously undescribed iridoid glycosides (<b>1</b>-<b>10</b>), including monoiridoids, hybrid iridoid-alkaloids, bis-iridoids, noriridoid-iridoid dimers, and tetramers, were isolated from the roots of <i>Gomphandra mollis</i> Merr. Structural elucidation revealed unique sugar chains not previously observed for iridoids and complex tetrameric configurations that are rare in nature. Compounds <b>9</b>, <b>10</b>, and <b>15</b> demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 6.13 to 13.0 μM, and compounds <b>6</b>, <b>7</b>, and <b>11</b>-<b>13</b> showed notable hepatoprotective activity in HepG2 cells. Additionally, structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis on anti-inflammatory effects was also conducted. This study enriches the structural database of iridoids, particularly complex derivatives, and highlights their therapeutic potential in addressing inflammation-related and liver diseases.