First Frequency Phase Transfer from the 3 mm to the 1 mm Band on an Earth-sized Baseline

Abstract Frequency phase transfer (FPT) is a technique designed to increase coherence and sensitivity in radio interferometry by making use of the nondispersive nature of the troposphere to calibrate high-frequency data using solutions derived at a lower frequency. While the Korean very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) network has pioneered the use of simultaneous multiband systems for routine FPT up to an observing frequency of 130 GHz, this technique remains largely untested in the (sub)millimeter regime. A recent effort has been made to outfit dual-band systems at (sub)millimeter observatories participating in the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) and to test the feasibility and performance of FPT up to the observing frequencies of the EHT. We present the results of simultaneous dual-frequency observations conducted in 2024 January on an Earth-sized baseline between the IRAM 30-m in Spain and the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) and Submillimeter Array (SMA) in Hawai‘i. We performed simultaneous observations at 86 and 215 GHz on the bright sources J0958+6533 and OJ 287, with strong detections obtained at both frequencies. We observe a strong correlation between the interferometric phases at the two frequencies, matching the trend expected for atmospheric fluctuations and demonstrating for the first time the viability of FPT for VLBI at a wavelength of ∼1 millimeter. We show that the application of FPT systematically increases the 215 GHz coherence on all averaging timescales. In addition, the use of the colocated JCMT and SMA as a single dual-frequency station demonstrates the feasibility of paired-antenna FPT for VLBI for the first time, with implications for future array capabilities (e.g., Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array subarraying and ngVLA calibration strategies).