Electron-mediated anharmonicity and its role in the Raman spectrum of graphene

Abstract The Raman active G mode in graphene exhibits a strong coupling to electrons, yet the comprehensive treatment of this interaction in the calculation of its temperature-dependent Raman spectrum remains incomplete. In this study, we calculate the temperature dependence of the G-mode frequency and linewidth, and successfully explain the experimental trend by accounting for the contributions arising from the first-order electron-phonon coupling, electron-mediated phonon-phonon coupling, and standard lattice anharmonicity. The generality of our approach enables its broad applicability to study phonon dynamics in materials where both electron-phonon coupling and anharmonicity are important.