Deep Blood Proteomics Identifies over 12,000 Proteins Providing Valuable Information about the State of the Human Body

Blood is a valuable resource for clinical research, offering insight into physiological and pathological states. However, the specific proteins detectable in blood and the optimal proteomic methods for their detection have not been rigorously investigated and documented. To address this, we conducted various blood proteomic strategies, including directly blood proteomic analysis, high-abundance protein depletion, low-abundance protein enrichment, and extracellular vesicle enrichment using data-independent acquisition or targeted proteomics. These approaches identified 11,679 protein groups in plasma from healthy individuals. In 136 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma whole blood samples, 6,956 protein groups were found, including 678 not seen in healthy samples, expanding the total to 12,357 blood proteins. This represents the most comprehensive blood proteome to date. To support broader access and analysis, we developed the Human Blood Proteome (HuBP) database, detailing protein detectability, abundance, and reproducibility across workflows, sample types, and disease contexts.