The “Grove-First” Framework: Starting in the Grove to Find Therapies for Huanglongbing

Abstract Citrus greening disease, also known as huanglongbing (HLB), is the most serious vector-borne bacterial disease of citrus world-wide 1,2 . There is an immediate global need to provide the citrus industry with relief from HLB and a return to profitable citrus production. Standard screening methods for HLB therapeutic treatments typically involve various laboratory-based assays to select treatments with antimicrobial properties 3 , which then advance to greenhouse and eventually field testing in a workflow that takes multiple years. Unlike traditional lab-first screening, we present a design of experiments framework 4,5 , referred to as Grove-First, that rapidly screens treatments with regulatory-friendly profiles in commercial citrus groves using trunk injection to select treatments that improve tree health and fruit yield over the course of a single growing season. Using this framework, we identified candidate treatments with effects comparable to or better than the standard oxytetracycline (OTC) on visual tree-health and/or yield indices in an initial screen of HLB-positive 8-year-old Valencia sweet orange trees. Expanded trials in commercial citrus groves allowed us to validate the initial screening results at other locations and in other citrus varieties. Grove-First rapidly accelerated the identification and large-scale field testing of HLB therapies, some of which are available for growers to use immediately and others that require further field testing and/or regulatory actions.